Week 8- Film Safety Production

Most safety on the set is just common sense, but in the pressures of filmmaking common sense often gets thrown to the wind. Every film must have a safety meeting every day filming takes place outlining the potential dangers for the day and mentioning precautions that need to take place to avoid problems. This can be an informal five minute meeting between the assistant director and film department heads (DP, sound, director, art). 

Often this meeting is part of a larger production planning meeting that takes place every morning outlining the shot list shooting schedule for the day. You need to conduct this safety meeting everyday that you film, even if only briefly and informally. Generally, danger on the set comes from the following areas and you should take precautions accordingly. Normally, the Assistant Director is the safety enforcement

officer on the set.

GENERAL CAUSALITY

This involves unsafe placements of sets, props, equipment, and cables so people trip and injure themselves unnecessarily. The prop master should

give a daily report as to that day’s props and any and all hazardous threats related to the same. Any sharp edged props (including knifes) should be handled with great care. Horseplay should never be tolerated at any time while cast and crew are present on the set. No person should be coaxed into handling any prop that causes them concern.

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

Since large amounts of electricity are used for lights-the danger of blowing out circuits, overloading circuits and even starting a fire or electrocuting someone are always a hazard. Your lighting person should be familiar with capacity

limits and safe procedures for drawing and using electricity. If you are using more than two 650 watt bulbs or one 1000 watt bulb on a single home electrical circuit, you are in danger of blowing out the circuit. There may be several wall plugs on one circuit -so don’t just assume each wall plug is a separate circuit. A normal home has about five different circuits, but this can vary. Become familiar with where the circuit breaker box is, or have extra fuses for the circuits. Power should be turned off when plugging or unplugging high wattage equipment. To unplug any equipment, always grab the plug firmly and pull, do not grab

the cord.

FIRE HAZARDS

Placing powerful lights near flammable materials (e.g. curtains) for several hours on end can cause a fire. People smoking (including in film smoking) on a set with scattered paper and flammable materials and set dressing around can cause a fire. You should have a small fire extinguisher present on all sets. Obviously using a fire in the film (e.g. campfire or part of a set burning) can be a hazard.

FIREARMS

Any time guns with live ammunition are used on the set a licensed firearms expert is required by law to be present on the set supervising the scene.

However, even the use of unloaded weapons or rubber or fake weapons can be a hazard in that when the police or neighbors see what looks like a weapon they

may assume that it is and often act first and ask questions later. The safest choice for films made on this short notice is not to include weapons

in your film. And never include weapons in your film where they are displayed in a public place unless you have a city permit that specifies that and have cleared that permission.

ANIMALS

Snakes and deadly animals can be a hazard on the set and you need to have an exotic animal handler on the set to work with these. Rates per day for such people (who will often bring their own animals) may range from $500 on up. Ordinary household animals need to be treated safely on the set or there could be legal action from the Humane Society. If you are doing anything other than very ordinary shots of even household pets on a set, the Humane Society likes to be notified so they can be on the set. Make sure you have a place for the

animals to rest apart out of the sun and away from the crowded set where they could get hurt. Have plenty of water and food for them.

CHILDREN, THE ELDERLY, AND THE DISABLED

Special precautions need to be made with children on the set to keep them from hazards that adults would normally avoid. That is why a parent or guardian must be with them at all times. Minors can only be filmed so long without having a break (usually in the 2-4 hour range depending on age). Also, special precautions need to be made on the set for the elderly and disabled. Again this is common sense, but it is more likely that an unbalanced elderly person might trip over power cables running everywhere than a grip. Passage from one part of the set to another may be impeded for a disabled person. Preparations need to be made for these contingencies.

  

STUNTS

Even what are considered normal actions in everyday life can be considered stunts in filmmaking; e.g. tripping. And if in performing your script, an actor attempts a minor fall and hurts themselves, you could be liable. Any stunts, even minor ones need to be planned out and rehearsed so no one is hurt. Larger stunts should only be performed by licensed stuntmen and only after very careful preparation and rehearsal. Fights should be carefully rehearsed so no one gets hurt and should be staged by a professional stuntman. Truly

dangerous stunts: falling from buildings, car crashes, car hits, death defying stunts, etc. should not be attempted in your short film.

DRIVING AND MOVING SHOTS

Careful preparation needs to be made for any moving shot. All traffic laws must be followed, and the person driving the car (especially if it is an actor on camera) should never be distracted by too much direction or while he or she is driving. Any moving shot on a public street requires a permit obtainable through the Mayor’s Office and often requires police officers to be present. If a sizable number of crew are present on the street (e.g. more than two) during filming it can create a distracting hazard to other motorists and cause accidents. This is

why permits are required. 

Also, blocking traffic to get a shot is not allowed unless police officers are present. The production team needs to make sure shots are planned out and rehearsed in advance so an accident knocking down heavy equipment does not happen.

OTHER HAZARDS

These will vary from film to film and you need to use common sense to spot these. For example, if you are filming in high places, you need to take precautions that all actors or crew are not put in jeopardy of falling. Filming at night presents its own hazards in terms of people not seeing potential hazards

early enough. You need to brainstorm potential threats on the set and be prepared for them-e.g. rope off sections of the set to cast and crew when not in use. Be careful in having a lot of guests on the set. Since they will be least familiar with what you are doing they potentially will stumble into the most danger. The safest thing is to close the set to guests; but if you do have guests, assign one crew member responsible for looking after them.

FIRST AID

The Assistant Director (or designated safety officer) should have directions and phone numbers to the nearest emergency rooms to all locations at which the crew will be filming. There should be a basic first aid kit on every set. These are easily obtainable at most drug stores. There should be one person on the set who has some first aid training designated as the first aid person who can see if a minor injury or medical condition that arises can be dealt with on the set or if it needs immediate medical attention.

PERMITS

Technically, permits are required by the city for ALL locations (including

filming in your own home) to insure that if anything the filmmakers are doing is unsafe that they city can shut down the film shoot immediately. The only

place permits are not required are when a shoot is on the lot of a registered film studio back lot or soundstage. Generally however, local authorities will

not check permits unless you are filming with a large crew and a lot of vehicles in a location where you are creating “an attractive hazard” to automobile traffic flow, or pedestrians on the streets, sidewalks, or in public places where an accident could occur.

COMMON SENSE

Most of what has been said above is common sense. And if you apply common sense,anticipate possible dangers, do all possible preparation to avoid them, and hire licensed professionals when the risk factor and state law requires it, you should not get into trouble. Everyone on the set is responsible for safety. Don’t let a driven director or producer push anyone to do something that is unsafe. Any member of cast or crew who anticipates a danger on the set, or sees an actual hazard should immediately report it to the Assistant Director or

designated safety officer on the set.

LAST WORD

Good films can be made in a week, but there are some limits to making a film in

weekend, and doing it safely. You may not be able to do everything just as the budget will limit you somewhat, so will the time limits on safety prep limit you to making films that may not have some riskier shots in them. You need to be aware of and accept these to run a safe set.

Week 8 -Tips for pre production pt.3

2. Establish Your Needs

You've outlined your production. You're focused. But you still need to do a few things before grabbing your camera and start shooting. It's easy for some of us, to remember "camera, tape, battery, tripod, light" but other needs play an important role in pursuit of your Great Video Production. When we read the more than occasional account of forgotten tapes, batteries running dry in the middle of things and malfunctioning buttons, focus rings or connections, we realize even the basics can be overlooked.

Yes, you need a camera and its essential components. You also need redundancy of backup, extras of the items essential to the success of your acquisition. Establish the length of your production and know how much tape, portable hard drives, blank disks or solid state cards you will need. Even a tripod might not be enough. Will some of your shots require a higher level of mobility or stability? Will you need a camera stabilizing unit or perhaps just a monopod? A beanbag support and flexible cords?

There's a lot of needs that are not always so obvious even when you do sit and write them all down, but taking the time to think about and establish your needs will help avoid overlooking the tools essential to your acquisition success. What you are going to shoot and where, the weather or location climate , the time of day all have a bearing on what you will need and how much of it to bring along. Make sure your ditty bag and grip box have the essentials before heading out for your first day or hour of shooting.

Week 8- Tips for pre production pt.5

5. Bring it all Together

Are your first four steps necessary or even crucial to the success of your production? No. Just as there are writers who tell of a moment of inspiration that led to an all-nighter and a complete script or novel alongside the morning hot tea, there are occasional unique creative go-for-moments in video. No outline, research or planning. The occasion, however, is rare and nearly always not perfect. While perfection is a goal, not a destination, you know what I mean.


What will get you closer to a satisfying outcome from your opening moment of inspiration is planning your shoot. A few simple note cards with shot ideas and concepts listed might be enough for you, just make sure your batteries are charged. Taking a little extra time to prepare rather than impulsively attacking your project will keep you inspired and prevent that horrible moment when you realize you need to abandon the production or start over.

Look at advance preparation using the five steps above as what you have to do before you can have some fun. Doing so will make what you want to do not only fun but satisfying and successful. The more you plan first, the more flexible you can be when the good stuff starts making your production a joy rather than a job.

Week 8- Tips for pre production pt.4

4. Do this Now, or Earlier

If you have serious dialogue, want to follow a tight production path for content and narrative you will need a script . Your script doesn't have to be formal or perfectly formatted, though that can help others in your production crew who might be more familiar with standard script terminology. A simple basic outline of what needs to happen when and what needs to be said when will keep your production focused.

Your script makes possible another important production/directing element and that is your shot sheet. This is a list of what has to be videotaped with or without audio to accomplish your vision, to satisfy your inspiration.

Without a list - definitive or not - you will miss must-have shots and not recognize areas during production where you need to improvise, adding shots that establish a script and shot sheet can be mission critical. It can also come in earlier in the planning and development of your Great Video Production but I've found that following my inspiration, determining what I will need to make it happen and deciding what approach I want to take, what format, helps me better establish a script and from that the shots I will need to make it all come together.

You need to recognize situations like time of day, outdoors or in, daylight or nighttime, camera placement, location availability, weather conditions and a host of variables that will affect what you capture. These notes are easily placed alongside your described shots and will keep you alert to necessary improvisational changes.



The production "big boys" have all this and more going into actual production but still discover the need for script additions, deletions or changes and have re-writes done mid-shoot. This isn't cost effective and can be wa-a-a-y counter-productive, but it happens. The more prepared you are going in, the more satisfied you will be with your production going out.

week 8-Tips for pre production pt.2

3. Mixing it Up

You also need to know how you plan to present your subject before shooting. What I mean by this is you need to decide if your production is based on action, dialogue or a combination of the two. While an acting coach in a class I once attended stressed that "dialogue is action" you have to know how you want to present that. Determine if a talent behind a desk or sitting in a chair - your basic talking head approach - is sufficient or if you want to include reenactments, graphics or other titling in your production to enforce its audio and visual impact.


Are you going to go a documentary approach, using interviews, archival images with Ken Burns-style movement, on- and or off-camera narrative (voice over). Will it be casual or highly scripted with a need for complex dialogue? You might be going for strictly entertainment with lots of action, comedy, "dramedy" (comedy-drama) or bodacious special effects. On the other hand much of your production could be created in the computer with a host of CG elements.

There's a myriad of approaches beyond the above-mentioned: ENG (electronic news-gathering), newscast, the herkey-jerkey amateur style of the 2008 movie Cloverfield, perhaps a creative musical you've scripted and want to self-produce. The sky is the limit, so to speak but there are always practical limitations.


Knowing the primary style you want to use doesn't mean you can't mix it up. You just have to be aware of what you want before the shooting starts and plan for that. While you're rolling tape you can bounce from one improvisational act to another at your heart's desire. Mixing it up might not endear you with any purists out there but you could become the next Matt Reeves, Rodriguez or Tarantino with your avant garde approach.

Week 8 -Tips for pre-production pt.1

Just about every video producer, rank and file, from first time beginner to award-winning professional likes to grab the camera and run, shooting whatever inspiration has seized the moment.

There are times when serendipity plays a role in our productions but more often than not we need to be a bit more prepared when we want to create a quality production. Otherwise, we tend to overlook or forget something crucial. Having a plan more often than not works better than guerrilla-style run-and-gun, especially if you're taking your video beyond the "reality show" environment, into a more polished presentation.

These steps will take you from inspiration to "it's a wrap" without interrupting your creative flow. You might in fact find yourself better able to take advantage of a "serendipitous or inspired moment" with a solid outline that guides you through your production day or days. Speaking of reality shows, I hear most of those productions take a planned path to capturing the moment.

1. Practical Inspiration vs Your Muse

In our minds we often "see the whole thing" from opening title to closing credits - creative inspiration. We play and replay the whole scenario like a Star Wars, Titanic or Avatar production and think we can keep all those wonderful shots in our minds - right there, when the camera starts rolling. In reality we need to be more practical. Taking the time to simply jot down, if nothing more, a list of inspired shots helps us as the practical part of our inspiration moves front and center.
So, you first need to establish what you want to do and separate that from what you can do. Being practical about the possibilities will avoid disappointment and carry you to a finished production of which you can be proud of.



Ask yourself key questions. Can I actually pull this off? Can I afford it? Do I have the level of inspiration and commitment necessary to carry it through? Can I find the right talent? Locations?
Think about your goals for this video production. Is it for fun? Will it be basically a learning tool? Do I want to create something that will go viral on YouTube? Is this going to be a commercial production? A film festival entry? Will this become my demo show-piece?
Knowing your project expectations, writing them down and making decisions at the beginning will give you a sense of purpose and direction, not to mention the confidence, to take it all the way. Yes, be inspired but force yourself to be practical as well. You will need both in the face of possible upcoming adversity - those Murphy's Law moments.

Week 7-Cutting on Action

 The biggest challenge of a video editor is to make the editing unnoticeable. Cut in action (also known as matching on action) is one editing technique that will help you to do that. In this lesson, I will teach you everything you need to know about cutting on action from the shooting stage and the editing.

What is Cutting on the action?

Wikipedia’s definition of cut in action is a “video editing technique where the editor cuts from one shot to another view that matches the first shot’s action”. It means you change the angle of the camera in the middle of the action of the lead character. The technique helps the video editor to make the cut more smooth and unnoticeable. Some times this type of cut will even help you to hide continuity problems that were made during shooting, Cutting on the action also helps to draw the audience into the story. For example, you can have a character typing on the computer, and while he types, we cut to his fingers. this type of cut can make the scene more intense like you can see in this cutting on action example

Week 7-Match Cut in film

Match cut basics The match cut has been involved in arguably the greatest moments in cinema, and in some cases they are the greatest moments in cinema. Cutting from scene to the next is a necessary filmmaking convention but that doesn't mean it has to be done without meaning or purpse. Images and sounds can carry subtext. 

The same goes for your transitions and each one is an opportunity to make connections, strengthen theme, accelerate pacing, and more. Transitions like the graphic match, match on action cut, and sound bridge are excellent ways to achieve these benefits.

 What is a match cut?

A match cut is any transition, audio or visual, that uses elements from the previous scene to fluidly bring the viewer through to the next scene. They also have the ability to do so with both impact, and subtext. They differ from regular cuts because they provide a thematic connection between two separate events or concepts.

Types of graphic match cuts

Graphic match cuts can be used as visual metaphors. They imply that the objects are one-and-the-same, and they do this through a visible transformation. You can also use graphic match cuts for a seamless passage of time. It can be with a dissolve or a straight cut.

How much time has actually passed will help you decide how you go about one of these cuts, but it’s all about the feeling you want to create. You can graphic match cut across multiple transitions, allowing a single physical object to act as a visual throughline for your scene.

 

Week 6 -Directing ---The Moving Master pt.2

Week 6 - Directing --The moving Master pt.1

Week 6- Directing 2

Week 6 - The Perfect Plan: Storyboard and Shot List Creation

The production process is incredible - you transform inanimate words on paper into color, emotion and life on the screen. But producing a script isn't an easy endeavor.

Script creation is a task that requires lots of time, work and planning. In fact, planning is probably the heart and soul of the production. The proper planning and legwork must be accomplished or even the best script will fall flat on its face.
There are many aspects to pre-production planning, but we're just going to focus on two of them here: the storyboard and the shot list. If you're working on a small production, then you might get to do everything yourself! If you have much of a budget, then some of this planning can be done in conjunction with other members of your crew.

In Living Color

Your first planning tool, the storyboard, is essentially a comic book of your production. It covers all the major shots, angles and action involved in the script. Think of it as shooting your movie on paper instead of tape. Shot by shot, you draw out the script and decide how to visually compose each scene.
Why is this so important? Because now you know how your shots work together. No jump cuts or bad angles to surprise you in the edit bay. You are also assured that you have adequate coverage of each scene. Storyboarding allows you to maximize both your time and your resources when on set - and that amounts to saving money. The storyboard helps bring out ideas and find trouble spots in your scenes.
There are many options available for storyboard creation. In its simplest form, you can draw one with stick figures on a notepad. Perfect for a quick and dirty board that gets the job done. Another option is advanced storyboarding software which can create an animated 3D previsualization that almost feels like a movie itself. This fits the bill when there's a client involved that you want to impress. And if money is no object, you can hire a storyboard artist, just like Hollywood directors do.

Sketchin' Away

Before you begin the storyboard, study your shooting locations in detail. You might even bring a camera and snapshots of potential angles. This type of scouting work will give you a better idea of how to compose the shots on paper. The camera is also a great tool for creating a basic storyboard. Bring a friend or two along as talent and use your camera to capture all the angles and positions. Load the pictures into a PowerPoint presentation and then play the presentation to see how it all flows.
To create a storyboard on paper, put two rows of boxes on the page with ample space above and below each row for making notes. Make sure your boxes are roughly the same aspect ratio you're planning to shoot with. Have lots of copies of your blank boards - you don't want to run out! With your script in hand, sketch each scene, using multiple boxes to capture all your intended shot angles. Critically examine the finished product, looking for gaps in shot coverage or problematic setups. And don't forget to use a pencil so you can easily erase and redraw.
 
While your storyboard isn't expected to be a work of art, there are a few standard conventions that will make it more understandable to others. Indicate a zoom or dolly in the frame by putting a floating box around the telephoto position. Use arrows pointing in or out to indicate the zoom's direction. Use single arrows to communicate movement. Show the direction of a pan or tilt by drawing the beginning and ending in two separate frames, then putting an arrow and a directional notation to make the action clear, ie, "pan right".

As you draw, use the space around each frame to make notes on camera action ("Tilt up") or script notes ("Lucy dances around the car"). Also keep a notepad off to the side where you keep track of needed gear, sound effects, props, make-up, special effects - basically anything and everything needed to pull off the scene should be included in those notes.

Previsualization software takes your planning to the next level. By creating 3D worlds and models to inhabit them, you're able to see the way those notes you made on camera and actor staging play out. There are two great benefits to this type of storyboard. One - as previously mentioned, it makes for an effective client presentation. They can easily grasp how your concept will really work. Two - it can help you better visualize complex sequences that are hard to draw on paper.

Writing It Out

When you're finished with the storyboard, move on to planning your shooting strategy. The scenes in your script may each call for multiple camera angles. If you are filming with a single camera, shooting these in linear order is probably not the best choice...unless you enjoy constantly changing your camera and lighting setup. Instead, squeeze all you can from each setup by making use of another indispensable planning tool, the shot list.


In a nutshell, the shot list groups similar shots together so that you have an efficient shooting schedule. Prepare the list by looking through a scene's storyboard and noting which frames can be captured during the same setup. Write them together on the list. Then use your list as a guide, and check off shots as they're captured. You'll protect yourself from overlooking an important close-up or establishing wide-shot.

Another benefit of the shot list is in creating a schedule. You can get a rough picture of how much time it will take to capture a scene as you plan out the various setups. It also allows the crew to easily follow along with what's needed next. For example, by looking at the list, they can see that there are only two shots left in this setup, so it's time to begin preparing for the next setup.

 

Week 6 -Directing --What is a Story Board?

What is Storyboarding, and Why is it Useful?

On big video productions there may be as many as a hundred people on set at once, which means that every second a director spends stroking his chin and wondering about where the camera ought to be placed he's paying a hundred people to stand around and watch him. This is something that motivates a film's backers to make sure that there are no moments during shooting when everybody who's getting paid to work isn't working. One of the ways that directors, producers, art designers, and directors of photography make sure that everything is worked out before the cast and crew actually get to the set and minimize standing-around time is to use storyboards.

Storyboards are typically a sort of comic book style illustration of the entire movie, or sometimes just difficult scenes in a movie, including camera angles and the motion of actors through the sets. Lots of storyboard excerpts have made their way onto the Internet; Google can help you track down many of them.

Spectacularly popular movies, such as Star Wars or Kurosawa's war epic Ran, may have their storyboards published as books. Many other movies will show some of the storyboards in the special features section of the DVD - often with side-by-side comparisons of the original storyboards and the final film. Lots of storyboarding tips and storyboard examples can be seen on line on websites like YouTube. There's also a plethora of writing about storyboarding in this history of Hollywood.


One very famous champion of the storyboard is Alfred Hitchcock. Rita Riggs, the costume designer for Psycho, discusses the director's affectation for extensive storyboarding in Stephen Rebello's book, Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho, saying: "The real difference working with Hitchcock and his circle was that you had an entire, cohesive picture laid out before you on storyboards. He truly used storyboards to convey his ideas and desires to all his different craftsmen. You knew every angle in the picture, so there was not a lot of time wasted talking an item to death. We also didn't have to waste time worrying about things like shoes, for instance, because we knew he wasn't going to show them in the shot."

Other directors, such as the award-winning filmmaker and documentarian Werner Herzog, find storyboards constraining and an impediment to the free flow of creativity - Herzog is quoted as saying "storyboards remain the instruments of cowards who do not trust in their own imagination and who are slaves of a matrix..."
Whatever your ultimate opinion of their usefulness, they are part of the cinematic vocabulary.

Week 6 -Directing - Types of Storyboard

Not all storyboards are meticulously drawn cartoon frames worthy of publication, some are a lot less involved and others can be much more involved. Today we'll look at a few common varieties.

Narrative Only
Narrative only storyboards are perfect for people who can't draw, don't have the money to hire a storyboard artist, or who aren't risking a whole lot in having people stand around their set for a few minutes while they figure out where they want the camera - which is probably most of us. It's not uncommon that the director, the videographer and the talent live far enough apart that physical meetings aren't practical and who come together on a weekend to bang out a final product. You might not need a great deal of detail. You might just send out a narrative storyboard like this:

• Medium Shot, Janet reaches in her purse for her keys.
• Closeup of door knob from slightly above doorknob height and to the right, the door is already slightly ajar!
• Closeup of Janet looking worried from low angle.
• Closeup of Janet's hand pushing open the door.
• Medium shot, over Janet's shoulder as she looks into the room.
• Medium shot, reverse, Janet looking through the open door, she enters.

Basic Panels
Basic Panels are a step up from narrative only storyboards, as well as a brief description, they'll have a very basic drawing, this can help camera operators and lighting designers know in advance exactly what the director is looking for. These can be in the "slightly above stick-figure" range.
 

Scene Cards
Scene cards are like basic panels, but more elaborate - the drawing usually takes up one entire side of the card with a description written on the back. If you're looking on eBay for scene cards, you'll find something completely different. In the early days of cinema, a "scene card" usually referred to a still from a completed film with a description or caption on the back or underneath - a lot like the collectible bubble gum trading cards popular in the 60s, 70s, and 80s. Collectors' scene cards became superfluous when it became easy to own an actual copy of the movie, this seems a little sad.



Animatic Storyboard
To make an animatic storyboard you can scan sketches, use photographs you've taken, or even tear images out of magazines, put them into your favorite video editing software and add narration or music. The idea of an animatic storyboard is often just to get the idea or feel of your project across.
Many of us tend to think of ourselves as "not the sort of people who will ever have the need or the opportunity to approach financial backers" and because of this don't think too deeply about things like storyboards. One great example of a successful use of storyboarding was Christopher Salmon's animatic storyboard for an adaptation of Neil Gaiman's short story The Price. Salmon drew still images from an animation he wanted to produce and uploaded it to kickstarter.com - a crowd source funding website. Enchanted by his narration and still images, 2001 different backers around the world invested almost $162,000 in his venture spurred along by the author who also got involved after seeing the storyboards.

3D pre-visualization
If you're trying to prize millions out of potential backers or explain a complicated escape sequence involving Bruce Willis, 40 explosions, and a hedge maze, you may want to create a 3D walkthrough of your scene or movie before you start working on it.

Using storyboard software like FrameForge's Previz Studio 3 you can show virtual camera angles and scaled sets to your backers before they plunk down their cash. The 3D will allow you to see the relationships between your actors, your scenery and your camera. This can be an enormous help if you want to see how adding additional lights to a scene may change the shadows or light characters moving from one place to another.

Week 5 - The importance of sound in film

Week 5 - Film Score

 Scoring: The Heart of a Film

The relationship between sound design and music is a delicate mix that can define a film’s tone and emotional impact. Musical compositions have the power to linger — becoming synonymous with iconic moments and characters. Even a few notes from John Williams’ legendary “Star Wars” score can instantly transport us to a galaxy far, far away.

But film scoring goes beyond just the sweeping orchestral themes. Musical scores can define the personality of a film, which frees the composers to utilize any musical (or non-musical) instrument they can imagine to record. Music has the unique ability to tap into our emotions and has been described as “the art of sound in time.” 

This allows complex emotional journeys to be crafted to gently guide us through the narrative and amplify our connection to the characters’ struggles and triumphs.

It's hard to imagine what the most significant pieces of cinema would be like without the soundtracks that accompanied them. Would they have risen to such acclaim? Would they be the notable and respected works they're known as? The short answer is probably not. The use of music in film can be paramount to the finished product and, in some cases, can be even more memorable than the visual aspects.

The importance of the score

 George Lucas famously once said that "sound is 50 per cent of the movie-going experience." Music and sound will always help strengthen the emotional connection we have with a specific event or experience and impact the way we feel, so it's only natural that this builds a lasting impression within film.

The role of music in film can provide the viewer with cues on what's about to happen, the mood a particular scene should elicit, or how the protagonist and antagonist are feeling. The latter certainly helps with immersing the viewer and builds relatable characters they can empathise with – or despise. Depending on the type of film you're watching, be it a sci-fi movie alive with sharp strings reminiscent of Ennio Morricone's score for The Thing; a historical epic like Dunkirk with an ominous bass rumble that makes you physically tense up; or an animated family classic with journeying progressions like those found in Studio Ghibli's Spirited Away, the execution of the score and the mood it evokes can ultimately enhance or change the way a scene is perceived.

 

 

Week 5 - ADR: Automated Dialogue Replacement

  

ADR: Automated Dialogue Replacement

Another key technique used in sound design is re-recording dialogue in a process called Automated Dialogue Replacement, or ADR. Often called “looping,” recording dialogue in a controlled environment ensures clarity and consistency. This not only helps avoid distracting changes in the audio due to moving microphones and changing noisy environments, but it can also provide a powerful storytelling tool by bringing the characters’ voices right to the front of the speakers.  

ADR is a detailed process as the engineer and actor work together to ensure the timing, tone, and energy match the previously recorded visual. The new performance must also carry the proper emotions and believability. After recording, the engineers and producers will sort through the “Selects,” or best takes. 

The team will “comp” a final set of takes, then synchronize them to any on-screen lip movements. As an option, they may do multiple versions to allow editing profanity or alternate film edits. After editing, the mixing process will control placement, dynamics, tone, and even add subtle ambiance to replicate the actor’s location and distance on screen.

The ADR and Foley processes highlight the dedication of professional sound designers to perfecting even the most minute auditory details. This underscores how their craft is not merely about replicating real-world sound, but also elevating the emotional impact of the storytelling.

Week 5 - SOUND- Post-Production Magic: Foley Effects

 

One of the most captivating aspects of sound design in film is the creation of foley effects — a practice named after sound artist Jack Foley. Foley artists meticulously recreate the sounds of everyday actions and movements to replace or enhance the sounds recorded on-set during the original filming. 

The rustling of clothing, the clinking of glasses, footsteps on various surfaces — these seemingly mundane sounds are carefully constructed in post-production foley studios to achieve authenticity and resonance. This wildly creative process uses huge collections of noise-making supplies and carefully recreated performances.  

These foley studios typically have a large studio space with a huge variety of surfaces and items. These dedicated post-production studios have drawers of different materials, combined with dozens of styles of shoes to recreate the footsteps of any character or scene in the film.  

They will also have shelves full of random trinkets and noise makers to recreate anything imaginable. Large, heavy tarps can make thunder, and a kitchen knife against a shovel may create sword effects. Even simple sounds like plates and silverware will need to be recreated.

Imagine a scene in which characters engage in a lively sword fight. While the visuals might showcase the intense choreography, it’s the layered sounds of clashing blades, grunting, breathing, heavy impacts, and the scuffling of feet that draw us into the heart-pounding action. 

Foley effects add a layer of realism and infuse scenes with emotional weight and impact, ensuring that audiences are fully immersed in the on-screen events.

Week 5 -How Sound Design Plays an Important Role In Film

 

Sound Design in Film

When we settle into a dimly lit movie theater or cozy up on the couch, we all hope to be drawn into a grand and cinematic experience. The vibrant colors, breathtaking landscapes, and captivating characters draw us into the story unfolding before our eyes. 

However, it’s important not to overlook the hero’s role in enhancing our emotional connection to the story — sound design. The marriage of sound design and filmmaking is a dynamic collaboration that transforms a mere visual display into a multisensory journey.

The Essence of Sound Design: Crafting Emotion and Atmosphere

At its core, sound design involves the meticulous creation, curation, and manipulation of audio elements to complement and elevate the visual aspects of a film. This auditory art form includes dialogue, foley sound effects, otherworldly original sounds, ambient sounds, music, and more. In big movies, these elements may have whole departments dedicated to perfecting the sound.  

The visual elements of lighting, set and costume design, lens choices, etc., provide us with visual information about the scene. Directors and cinematographers may spend millions of dollars and months or years getting the right look to tell the story. In silence, however, all their efforts are wasted. 

The auditory cues reach out of the flat screen and envelope the listener to create realism, depth, texture, and emotional resonance to the scenes. Not only that, but sound design in film can also inform the listener of offscreen information, build anticipation, or create surprise.

Consider a suspenseful thriller as a character creeps through a dimly lit corridor — the faint creaking of floorboards underfoot, the distant echo of a door closing, intense breathing, and the subtle rustling of leaves outside will all work together to create tension and anticipation with nothing visual even needed. Without these auditory cues, the scene falls flat — ultimately failing to elicit the visceral response the audience expects.

Sound design can also remarkably transport us through time and space. A period drama set in the Middle Ages might employ background noises of horses, wooden carts, blacksmiths, and outdoor merchants to recreate the ambiance of the time. Similarly, a futuristic science fiction film can use innovative soundscapes to transport us to otherworldly realms — making the alien landscapes feel eerily tangible even though these are never-before-heard environments.

Week 5 - The WILHELM Scream

• The WILHELM Scream
  A series of short painful screams performed by an actor were recorded in 1951 for the Warner Brother's film "Distant Drums." They were used for a scene where a man is bitten and dragged underwater by an alligator. The recording was archived into the studio's sound effects library -- and it was used in many of their films since. "Star Wars" Sound Designer Ben Burtt tracked down the scream recording - which he named "Wilhelm" from a character who let out the same scream in "Charge at Feather River (1953)." Ben has adopted the scream as sort of a personal sound signature, and has worked it into as many films as he can.

Week 5- Film Sound Cliche

ANIMALS

• Animals are never ever silent - dogs whine/bark/yip, cats meow  or purr, cows moo,  even in cases where most animals wouldn't be making a sound.
  
  
• Rats, mice, squirels and other vermin always make the tiny little squeeky noises constantly while they are on screen.
  
  
• Dolphins always make that same "dolphin chatter" sound when spinning, jumping, etc.
  
  
• Snakes are always rattling

• Crickets in winter and peepers in the fall

• Dogs always know who's bad, and bark at them.
  
  
• Insects always sound wet
  
  
• It's the same Cat scream over & over. 

Sound effects editor  Peter Steinbach once tried to record his own cat scream by stepping on it's tail. His  advice: - You only have one take. Step hard! (and dont wear shorts)

BIRDS

•  Red-tailed hawk screeching - [Listen to and read about Red-tailed hawks!]

• Whenever we see a hawk or a bald eagle, the sound is always that same red-tailed hawk screeching sound that's been around since the 50's! 

• Always just before/or after some dramatic part of an adventure flick, you will here the screeching of a red-tailed hawk.
  
  
• Whenever a cliff or mountain is shown, especially if it's high, the Red-tailed hawk will screech.
  
  
• The Red-Tailed Hawk scree signifies outdoors and a big, lonely place
  
  
• Owls sound like Great Horned Owl. (a bird, that for the most part seems invisible) [Listen to and read about Great Horned Owls!]
  
  
• In a horror film when there is a full moon there is either an owl or a wolf howling in the distance. [Listen to Wolves!]

• The Loon is mostly found in lakes in North America. In the movies it seems to be just about anywhere in the world.
  [Listen to Loons|

• Kookaburras (a type of large Australian kingfisher) are inhabitants of African/South American jungles, not Australian open forest. (laughing bird sound, see most Tarzan films). [read about and listen to Laughing Kookaburra!]  A Field Guide to Hollywood Bird Songs
  Unnatural acts on movie soundtracks by Robert Winkler
  

BICYCLES

  

•  All bicycles have bells (that sounds)  

   

BOMBS & EXPLOSIONS

• Bombs always have big, blinking, beeping timer displays.

• If something explodes, it takes about a minute for the explosions to stop 

• Explosions always happen in slow motion. When an explosion occurs, make certain you are running away from the point of detonation so the blast can send you flying, in slow motion, toward the camera.

• Bombs "whistle" when falling from a plane 

 

CARS

• Car tires "always" screech on dirt roads. 

• Car breaks must always squeak 

• Car tires must always squeal when the car turns, pulls away or stops
  
  
• On big budget films- whenver a car does any maneuver It must accelerate - ideally to the point of peeling out! even if it is going under 20mph
   
• In a route we hear a large truck and a horn with Doppler effect
  
  

COMPUTERS

• Every button you press on a computer makes some kind of beep
  
  
• Text being spelled out on screen (whether computer or lower third) MUST make some sort of typing and/or dot-matrix-printer type of sound.
  
  
• in foreign language versions of u.s. movies computers show their messages in english, but they all can speak!

 

ENVIRONMENT

 

• Castle Thunder
  Until around the late '80s, whenever you heard a thunderclap in a movie, it was probably "Castle Thunder".
  Listen to and read about "Castle Thunder"
  
  
• Storms start instantaneously: there's a crack of thunder and lightning, then heavy rain starts falling. 

• Thunder is always in sync with the lightning, and the explosion sounds are always in sync with the stuff blowing up, no matter how far away. Same for fireworks 

 

• Whisteling types of wind are always used 

• Non-stop bubbles underwater 

• Doors always squeek

• Enviromental sound to a shoot with the window open, are  always next to a schoolyard or a construction-site. 

• When in San Francisco, no matter where you are, you always hear a cable car and or a fog horn.
  
  
• The Universal Telephone Ring
  Endlessly used on television (especially in TV shows produced at Universal Studios during the '70s and '80s) and in many films as well - is the sound of a telephone ringing.
  Read about and listen to "The Universal Telephone Ring"
  
  
• Exterior Ambiences: No matter where you are outside, if it's not in the city, you hear a lonely cricket chirping
  
  
• Trains: we always hear the same old classic distant trainhorn over and over again.
  
  
• in U.S. films playing in big cities there's always a police horn in the background - in films from other countries... never!!!! 

 

• When a light bulb gets broken, there's always a kind of electric sound
  
  
• Whenever there is a fight or commotion going on in the upstairs of a house, the person downstairs won't hear a thing because the noise of gunshots, chairs falling over, screams etc will be totally masked by the following sounds; the phone ringing, the washing machine beginning its spin cycle, the dog barking, a drink is being whizzed up in the liquidiser or the maid beginning the vacuum cleaning. .

  

HELICOPTERS & AIRPLANES

• Helicopters always fly from surround to front-speakers. 

• People standing outside a running helicopter can always talk in normal or just slightly louder than normal voices

• Every helicopter shutting down emits the chirp-chirp-chirp sound of the rubber drive belts disengaging, in spite of the fact that only the famous Bell 47G (the Mash chopper) actually makes this sound. 

• Piston helicopters always start up with screaming turbine engine sounds. 

• An approaching airplane or helicopter will make no noise until it is directly over the characters, at which point it will suddenly become thunderingly loud.

• Characters will never hear an approaching airplane or helicopter, even though in real life you would hear them approaching for at least a minute before they were close enough to see. This also holds true for approaching armies on horseback and tank battallions.

• The tires of any jet screech upon landing

• Any airplane in a dive will make a whining noise that will get louder and higher-pitched the longer the dive lasts. 

     
 

KNIFE

 

• When a character pulls out a knife, even from his pants, you hear a sound of metal brushing metal